Terminologies
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Application running in user space can access kernel resources by directly invoking Linux system calls or by invoking libc (or glibc)-provided API calls. In the latter case, libc (or glibc) invokes a Linux system call.
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Drivers in user space can directly access hardware, can access a Linux system call, or can access libc (or glibc) APIs. libc (or glibc) is an example library running in user space; there are many more such user space libraries.
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bash
is a Unix shell, a user command line interface (CLI). It is the default shell on Debian OS.
Shell Scripts
Source:
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The Linux Command Line book download here